教师的职业是特殊的，作为谋生的手段，他是一种职业，但是一个魅力教师的工作过程与内涵却已涉及到了事业属性。所以在一个魅力教师心目中，教师是神圣的，从事教育事业，是可以笑对苍穹的乐事。不能以事业为驱动力的教师是无法完成和完全实现教育的塑造功能的。“学高为师，德高为范”在其身上不可能真正体现。拿起书本讲课，放下课本走人，对其他不闻不问的教师，充其量是一个简单劳动的“教书匠”，成就不了完整“教育工作者”的形象。

这学期学习了由周成平主编的《魅力教师的修炼》。里面有许多的理念和优秀教师的心得，需要我去追逐，去领会，去反思。每一项修炼都让我受到启发和深思，让我认识到自己在日常的教学和教育工作中的许多不足。每个修炼都可以成为我今后教育教学工作的指领。

在这里我要介绍自己体会最深的五点：

一、教师每天要多反思

善于思考必定受益无穷。思考可以化解矛盾的症结，使僵化的思维方式疏通，变得清晰，构建新的思维和理念。凡成大器的人都养成了善于思考的习惯。在平时的教育和教学实践中，我要持续不断、读思结合、以写促思、形成系统性的经验储备。

二、教师语言要有亲和力

教师的语言要具有亲和力，课堂上和学生进行知识和思想的交流，语言要自然亲切，热情明快；对学生的提问、辅导解答要不厌其烦；课下可以融入到学生中去，和学生进行无拘无束的交谈。学生学习上有失误或做了错事也能够循循善诱给予正确指导。学生生活中有苦恼或痛苦，教师要给予关爱，即使是一句温暖的话语，也会让学生心中燃起暖暖的爱意。

三、教师要与家长常沟通

与家长联系，这是每一个教师经常要做的工作。但往往是有事的时候才联系，而且多半是作业不交或者出了什么事故的时候才联系，所以，许多家长都条件反射似地怕接老师的电话。本次学习就提出很好的建议：教师应该在休息的时候，打两三个电话，与家长闲聊一会儿，了解一下学生在家的表现，学生的思想动态，以及家长对老师有些什么要求和建议等。平时加强与家长的联系，可以预防很多事故的发生，比“亡羊补牢”般的事后谈话效果更好。

四、教师在教学中要形成自己独特的风格

课堂教学是一门艺术，从书中学习的例子可以得出：设计独树一帜的个性化教学思路、寻求与众不同的个性化教学艺术、塑造别具一格的个性化教学风格、展现略高一筹的个性化教学品位。

魅力教师如何修炼呢？从“修炼”二字中，就可以看出其艰巨性，就好比孙悟空在八卦炉里炼就一双火眼金睛一样，是要历经诸多风雨，历尽无数煎熬的。无论是人格修炼、学识修炼、语言修炼，还是教学修炼，等等，都得日日行之，坚持不懈。

我心目中的魅力教师首先具有的优秀品质便是“爱无言”。爱是教育的本质内涵。教育是爱的教育，没有爱便没有了教育。知识的传授，文化的传承，都必须以“爱”为载体。爱同样也是教师的基本要求。学生的身心发展虽然处于逐渐成熟过程，可能存在着诸多差异，但一点却是每个学生都感同身受的，那就是对“爱”的感知。一个爱学生的老师，必然会受到学生的广泛欢迎，所谓“亲其师，信其道”，不仅含有能力因素，更多的是爱的元素。教师只有在爱的思想、观念的指导下，才能完成教育价值的实现。我想，苏霍姆林斯基的“热爱儿童”这四个字的内涵，也应该如此。

如果说爱是情感的源泉，事业是崇高的志向，那么教师要有渊博的学识则是深厚的积淀。要传授知识与技能，教师除了有一定的专业基础知识外，还必须有常人不具备的运用能力和传导能力。与此同时，教师还必须随着现代社会知识和技能的快速发展而不断充实自己，这样才能跟上教育发展的步伐，才能适应学生身心发展的规律。

只有成为一个“有心、懂爱、善思、勤学、律己”的人，才能形成教师的完美人格，才能成为一个真正意义上的魅力教师！

大五人格心得体会篇2

第一部分：中国节日

一．春节spring festival

二．元宵节the lantern festival

三．端午节dragon boat festival

四．中秋节mid-autumn festival

五．七夕节qiqiao festival （the chinese valentine’s day）

第二部分中国文化元素

一. 长城（the great wall）

二. 饺子（dumplings）

三. 筷子（chinese chopsticks）

四. 中国功夫（chinese kung fu）

五. 汉字（chinese characters）

六. 秧歌舞（yangko）

七. 针灸（acupuncture）

八. 中国龙（chinese dragon）

九. 中国印章（chinese seal）

十. 京剧（chinese beijing opera）

十一. 中国成语（chinese idioms）

十二. 丝绸（silk）

十三.中国园林 chinese classical garden

十四.文房四宝（the four treasures of the study）

十五. 中国印章（chinese seal）

十六. 天干地支（chinese era）

十七．中国画（the chinese paitings）

十八.中西医(chinese medicine)

十九．书法艺术（the art of calligraphy ）

二十.放风筝（kite-flying）

第三部分、中华习俗

一．餐桌礼仪table manners（1）

二．餐桌礼仪table manners（2）

三.中国人崇尚的颜色china’s favorite colors

四．喝茶the tea-drinking（1）

五.the tea-drinking（2）喝茶

六．the secret of numbers 数字的秘密

七．美食的色相the color of food

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⑴it falls on the first day of the first lunar month（阴历正月）.

⑵people follow many national and local customs.

⑶we paste spring poems (贴春联)with luck words on the door.

⑷we eat delicious food with symbolic values（有象征意义的美味食品），for example, chicken for good luck.

⑸we exchange greetings with friends and relatives.

⑹people may give children lucky money in red paper.

⑴阴历的正月初一是春节。

⑵人们延续很多传统习俗。

⑶我们在门上贴春联。

⑷我们吃有象征意义的美味食品，比如鸡肉。

⑸我们相互拜年问候。

⑹人们给小孩压岁钱。

⑴it comes on the 15th of the first lunar month.

⑵it marks the end of the spring festival.

⑶on that day, people eat sweet dumplings for good luck.

⑷special activities include the display of lanterns（灯笼）and riddle solving（猜灯谜）.

⑴元宵节在农历的正月十五。

⑵它标志着春节的结束。

⑶那一天，人们吃汤圆，以求吉祥如意。

⑷有些特色的活动，比如观灯、猜灯谜。

⑴it is also called tomb-sweeping day. it comes on april 4th or 5th .

⑵in chinese qingming means “clear and bright”.

⑶it is a day for the living to show love and respect to dead frends, relatives and ancestors.

⑷people will sweep the tombs, light incense, put meats, vegetables, wine in front of the tomb .

⑸besides, people burn paper money for the dead to use in afterlife.

⑴清明节也叫“扫墓节”，实在4月4日或5日。

⑵在汉语中 “清明”是“clear and bright”的意思。

⑶那一天寄托了对死去的亲朋好友和祖先的感情和尊敬。

⑷人们在墓前扫墓、点香烛、放上酒肉等。

⑸除此之外，人们烧纸钱，供他们在死后使用。

⑴it is on the fifth of the fifth lunar month.

⑵it honours the famous ancient poet, qu yuan.

⑶people gather to watch the colorful “dragon boat races”(龙舟比赛).

⑷people eat rice dumpings on that day.

⑴端午节在农历五月初五。

⑵端午节是为了纪念古代诗人——屈原。

⑶人们聚在一起看龙舟比赛。

⑷人们在那一天吃粽子。

the dragon boat festival is one of three major chinese holidays, along with the spring and moon festivals. of the three, it is possibly the oldest, dating back to the warring states period in 227 b.c. the festival commemorates qu yuan, a minister in the service of the chu emperor. despairing over corruption at court, qu threw himself into a river. townspeople jumped into their boats and tried in vain to save him. then, hoping to distract hungry fish from his body, the people scattered rice on the water.

端午节与春节和中秋节并列为中国三大节日。这三个节日中，它可能是最古老的一个，可以追溯到公元前227年的战国时代。这个节日是为了纪念楚国的大夫屈原，他因为对朝廷的贪污腐败感到绝望而投河自尽。镇上的人纷纷冲上船去救他，却没有成功。后来大

把米撒到水里，希望把饥饿的鱼群从他的躯体边引开。

over the years, the story of qu’s demise transformed into the traditions of racing dragon boats and eating zongzi -a kind of rice wrapped in bamboo leaves.

多年以后，屈原逝世的故事逐渐演变成赛龙舟和吃粽子(一种包在竹叶中的米食)的传统。

⑴in 278 bc, he heard the news that qin troops had finally conquered chu’s capital, so he finished his last piece huai sha (embracing sand) and plunged himself into the miluo river,clasping his arms to a large stone.the day happened to be the 5th of the 5th month in the chinese lunar calendar.after his death,the people of chu crowded to the bank of the river to pay their respects to him.the fishemen sailed their boats up and down the river to look for his body.people threw into the water zongzi （pyramid-shaped glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in read or bamboo leaves） and eggs to pert possible fish or shrimp from attacking his body.

an old doctor poured a jug of realgar wine (chinese liquor seasoned with realgar) in to the water,hoping to turn all aquatic beasts drunk.that’s why people later followed the customs such as dragon boat racing,eating zongzi and drinking realgar wine on that day.

公元前278年，当他听到秦国军队已经攻破楚国国都的消息后，写完最后一篇诗篇《怀沙》后抱石投汩罗江自尽。这一天正是农历五月初五。他死后，楚国人民跑到河岸来悼念他，渔民们划船遍河寻找他的尸体。人们把粽子和鸡蛋投入水中防止鱼虾伤害他的身体。一位老郎中还把一壹雄黄洒倒入水中，希望能药晕昏蛟龙水兽。这就是后来人们为什么在这一天赛龙舟，吃粽子，喝雄黄酒。

⑵dragon boat racing is an indispensable part of the festival,held all over the country.as the gun is fired,people will see racers in dragon-shaped pulling the oars harmoniously and hurriedly,accompanied by rapid drums,speeding toward their destination.folk tales say the game originates from the activities of seeking qu yuan’s body.

赛龙舟是这个节日不可工缺的一部分。当发令枪打响后，人们就能看到坐在龙舟的赛手们在急促鼓点的伴随下齐心协力摇桨驶向他们的目的地。民间故事说这个赛事的起源是寻找屈原的尸体。

⑶zongzi is an essential food of the dragon boat festival.it is said that people ate them in the spring and autumn period (770-476 bc). in early time,it was only glutnous rice dumplings wrapped in reed or other plant leaves and tied with colored thread,but now the fillings are more persified,including jujube and bean paste,fresh meat,and ham and egg yolk,if time permist,people will soak glutinous rice,wash reed leaves and wrap up zongzi themselves.otherwise,they will go to shops to buy whatever stuff they want.the custom of eating zongzi is now popular in north and south korea,japan and southeast asian nations.

粽子是端午的一种必备食品，所说人们在春秋时代就开始吃它（公元前770-476年）。最开始是，它只是用箬叶和彩线包起来的糯米。但是现在在填充物就很丰富了，有枣子和豆沙的，鲜肉的，还有火腿蛋黄的。如果时间允许，人们会自己泡糯米，洗箬叶，包粽子。一然他们变会到商店买来自己想吃的粽子。现在粽子的习俗已经风靡朝鲜、南韩、日本以及东南亚各国。

⑴it is on the 15th of the eighth lunar month.

⑵people gaze at（观赏）the “lady in the moon”(嫦娥) , eat moon cakes for family reunion and happiness.

⑴中秋节在农历的八月十五。

⑵人们在那一天家人团圆，一起赏月、吃月饼。

⑴folklore about the origin of the festival go like this:in remote antiquity, there were ten suns rising in the sky, which scorched all crops and drove people into dire poverty. a hero named hou yi was much worried about this,he ascended to the top of the kunlun mountain and,directing his superhuman strength to full extent, drew his extraordinary bow and shot down the nine superfluous suns one after another. he also ordered the last sun to rise and set according to time. for this reason, he was pespected and loved by the people and lots of people of ideals and integrity came to him to learn martial arts from him. a person named peng meng lurked in them.

相传，远古时候天上有10个太阳同时出现，晒得庄稼枯死，民不聊生，一个名叫后羿的英雄，力大无穷，他同情受苦的百姓，登上昆仑山顶，运足神力，拉开神弓，一气射下9个太阳，并严令最后一个太阳按时起落，为民造福。后羿因此受到了百姓的尊敬和爱戴，不少志士慕名前来投师学艺，心术不正的蓬蒙也混了进来。

⑵hou yi had a beautifull and kindhearted wife named chang e.one day in his way to the kunlun mountain to call on friends,he ran upon the empress of heaven wangmu who was passing by.empress wangmu presented to him a parcel of elixir,by taking which,it was said,one would ascend immediately to heaven and become a celestial being.hou yi,however,hated to part with his wife.so he gave the elixir to chang e to treasure ror the time being.chang e hid parcel in a treasure box at her dressing table when,unexpectedly,it was seen by peng meng.

后羿有一个美丽的妻子叫 “嫦娥”，一天后羿到昆仑山访友求道，巧遇由此经过的王母娘娘，便向王母娘娘求得一包一死药。所说，服下此药，即刻升天成仙。然而，后羿舍不得撇下妻子，只好暂时把不死药交给嫦娥珍藏。嫦娥将药藏进梳妆台的百宝匣里，不料被小人蓬蒙看见了。

⑶one day when hou yi led his disciples to go hunting,peng meng,sword in hand,rushed into the inner chamber and forced chang e to hand over the elixir,aware that she was unable tl defeat peng meng,chang e mabe a prompt decision at that critical moment.she turned round to open her treasure box,took up the elixir and swallowed it in one gulp.as soon as she swallowed the elixir her body floated off the ground,dashed out of the window and flew towards heaven.peng meng escaped.

一天，后羿众徒外出狩猎，蓬蒙手持宝剑闯入内宅后院，威逼嫦娥交出不死药。嫦娥知道自己不是蓬蒙的对手，危急之时她当机立断，转身打开百宝匣，拿出不死药一口吞了下去。嫦娥吞下药，身子立刻飘离地面、冲出窗口，向天上飞去。蓬蒙便借机逃走了。

⑷when hou yi returned home at dark,he knew from the maidservants what had happened overcome with grief,hou yi looked up into the night sky and called out the name or his beloved wife when,to his surprise, he found that the moon was especially clear and bight and no it there was a swaying shadow that was exactly like his wife.he treid his best to chase after the moon.but as he ran,the moon retreated;as he withdrew,the moon came back. he could not get to the moon at all.

傍晚，率众徒回到家，侍女们哭诉了白天发生的事。后羿气得捶胸顿足，悲痛欲绝，仰望着夜空呼唤爱妻的名字，这时他惊奇发现，今天的月亮格外皎洁明亮，而且有个晃动的身影酷似嫦娥。他拼命朝月亮追去，可是他追三步，月亮退三步。他退三步，月亮进三步，无论怎样也追不到跟前。

⑸thinking of his wife day night, hou yi then had an incense table arranged in the back garden that chang e loved. puting on the table sweetmeats and fresh fruits chang e enjoyed most, hou yi held at a distance a memorial ceremony for chang e who was sentimentally attached to him in the palace of the moon.when people heard of the story that chang e had turned into a celestial being,they arranged the incense table in the moonlight one after another and prayed kindhearted chang e for good forturne and peace.from then on the custom of worshiping the moon spread among the people.

后羿无可奈何，又思念妻子，只好派人到嫦娥喜爱的后花园里，摆上香案，放上她平时最爱吃的蜜食鲜果，遥祭在月宫里眷恋着自己的嫦娥。百姓们闻知嫦娥奔月成仙的消息后，纷纷在月下摆设香案，向善良的嫦娥祈求吉祥平安。

⑹people in different places follow various customs,but all show their love and longing for a better life.

中秋节的习俗很多，形式也各不相同，但都寄托着人们对生活无限的热爱和对美好生活的向往。

⑴the granddaughter of the goddess of heaven visited the earth. her name was zhinu, the weaving girl.

⑵while she was on earth she met her herd boy niulang and they fell in love. they got married secretly, and they were very happy.

⑶when the goddess of heaven knew that her granddaughter was married to a human, she became very angry and made the weaving girl return to heaven. niulang tried to follow her, but the river of stars, the milk way, stopped him.

⑷finding that zhinu was heart-broken, her grandmother finally decided to let the couple cross the milk way to meet once a year.

⑸magpies make a bridge of their wings to the couple can cross the river to meet on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month.

⑹people in china hope that the weather will be fine on that day, because if it is raining, it means that zhinu is weeping and the couple won’t be able to meet.

⑴王母娘娘的外孙女下凡来到人间。她的名字叫织女。

⑵在人间，她见到了牛郎，并且相爱。秘密结婚后，他们快乐的生活在一起。

⑶当王母娘娘知道她的孙女嫁给了一个凡人，非常生气。她让织女返回天庭，牛郎紧跟不舍，但是却被银河挡住了。

⑷看到织女伤心欲绝，王母娘娘最后决定让这对夫妻每年跨过银河相会一次。

⑸农历的七月初七，这对夫妻在鹊桥上相会。

⑹人们希望那天的天气好，因为如果下雨，意味着织女在流泪，他们没能相会。

valentine’s day 情人节date 约会

bunch 花束

rose 玫瑰

candy 糖果

chocolate 巧克力

forget-me-not 勿忘我

puppy love/first love 初恋

cute meet 浪漫的邂逅

fall in love 坠入爱河

love at the first sight 一见钟情

propose 求婚

valentine cards 情人节卡片

candlelight dinner 烛光晚餐

heart-shaped/cordate 心形的

truelove 真爱enamored 倾心的

the great wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! if you come to china without climbing the great wall, it's just like going paris without visiting the eiffel tower; or going to egypt without visiting the pyramids! men often say, "he who doest not reach the great wall is not a true man."in fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "great wall" until the qin dynasty. however, the wall we see today, starting from shanhaiguan pass in the east to jiayunguan pass in the west, was mostly built during the ming dynasty.

长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。

dumplings are one of the chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. according to an ancient chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---zhang zhongjing. there are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. with thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. there’s an old saying that claims, “nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.

during the spring festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. to chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.

饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括：1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。

the chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. the recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. chopsticks were named zhu in ancient chinese. they look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient china.

for example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “harmony is what matters”. chopsticks are highly praised by westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.

中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。

⑴chopsticks are used every day in china.

⑵now i'd like to take this opportunity to share their interesting history with you.

⑶i think you'll agree that even an ordinary item used in daily life can have a fascinating story.

⑷although chopsticks originated in china, they are widely used in many asian countries.

⑸the first chopsticks were made from bone and jade.

⑹in the spring and autumn period, copper and iron chopsticks came into being.

⑺in ancient times, the rich used jade or gold chopsticks to display their wealth.

⑻many kings and emperor s used silver chopsticks to see if their food had been poisoned.

⑼chopsticks are traditionally placed in brides' dowries,because "chopsticks" in chinese is pronounced "kuaizi", which sounds like "get a son soon."

⑽many foreign friends try to use chopsticks when they visit china.

⑾even the former president of the united states richard nixon, used chopsticks at the welcoming banquet held in his honor.

⑿as soon as he left his table, a foreign diplomat grabbed his chopsticks as a historical souvenir.

⑴中国人每天都在使用筷子。

⑵现在我想借这个机会和大家一起聊一些有关于筷子历史的有趣故事。

⑶我想你会赞同即使是日常生活中一件小物品也会有其引人入胜的故事。

⑷虽然筷子起源于中国，但现在很多的亚洲国家都在使用。

⑸最早的筷子是用骨头和玉制成的。

⑹在春秋时代又出现了铜制和铁制的筷子。

⑺在古代，富人家用玉筷子或金筷子以显示其家庭的富有。

⑻许多帝王用银制的筷子以检查他们的食物中是否被人投了毒。

⑼筷子在传统上是被当作新娘的嫁妆的，因为“筷子”在汉语中读作“kuaizi”，听起来很像“快得儿子”。

⑽许多外国朋友在访问中国的时候都使用筷子。

⑾甚至是美国前总统尼克松在为其到来而举办的欢迎宴会上也使用了筷子。

⑿他刚一离开桌子，一名国外的外交人员就抓起了他的筷子，把它作为了具有历史意义的纪念品。

⑴in ancient china, chopsticks signified far lore than tools that take food to the mouth; they also signified status and rules, “can”and ”can’t”.

⑵during the northern song dynasty, an official named tang su once had dinner with the emperor. he was not well informed in noble table etiquette and so laid down his chopsticks horizontally on the table before the emperor did. as a result, he was expatriated to a frontier area for penal servitude.

⑶in ancient eating etiquette, there were over a dozen taboos concening chopsticks. for example , they could not be placed vertically into a dish, as this was the way of making sacrifices to the dead.

⑴在古代中国，筷子不仅仅是把食物送到口中的餐具，它被赋予了重要的内涵和“能”和“不能”的规矩。

⑵北宋朝时，一个叫唐肃的官员陪皇帝进膳。他不了解用餐时使用筷子的礼仪，在皇帝还没有吃完时，他把筷子横放在桌子上，表示他不想再吃了。结果这位官员被发配边疆。

⑶在古代的饮食礼仪中，筷子的使用方法的禁忌有十多种。比如，忌将筷子竖直插入菜盘或饭碗中，因为这代表为死人上坟。

chinese kung fu, or chinese martial arts, carries traditional chinese culture in abundance. it is a traditional chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. the core idea of chinese king fu is derived from the confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit). meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of taoism and buddhism. chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. it contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.

the skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (taijiquan), form and will boxing (xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.

中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。

?拓展】

⑴chinese kung fu is magnificent and profound but it’s unfortunate that a lot of it has not been passed down.

⑵taijiquan can make you feel at peace. in addition to emphasizing matching the movements with your breathing, it is good for your health too.

⑶the primary reason for practicing kung fu is for health reasons. defense is of secondary importance and hurting others is abolutely unacceptable.

⑴中国功夫博大精深，可惜有很多已经失传了。

⑵太极拳可以使人心境平和，加上它注重呼吸配合动作，对身体也有好处。

⑶练武的主要目的在于锻炼身体，其次是防身，至于用来伤人是万万不可以的。

there is much more to kung fu than jackie chan or bruce lee. kung fu is an art form, and also, very good for you.

功夫并不只是指成龙或李小龙，它是一种艺术形式，而且对你很有好处。

many styles of kung fu are based on the ideas of nature. ancient boxing masters often developed their fighting techniques by observing the world around them. animals, birds, and insects provided the basis for many systems of kung fu developed in the past.

很多功夫招式来源于对自然界的想象。古代拳术大师常常通过观察他们周围的世界改进拳术技法。动物、鸟类和昆虫为过去很多功夫的系统发展提供了基础。

many of the hard forms of kung fu came from a buddhist monastery called “shaolin”. an indian priest named tamo came to live there nearly 1500 years agou. according to legend, tamo arrived at the monastery where he found the monks in poor physical condition. because they couldn’t stay awake during meditation, tamo introduced a series of 18 exercise designed to feed both body and mind. these movements are said to have merged with self-defense tactics studied in the shaolin temple.

很多硬功夫都出自叫“少林”的佛教寺庙。大约1500年前，有个叫达摩的印度僧人来到这里。传说他来到寺庙，发现那里的和尚身体状况很不好。因为他们在坐禅时候不能保持清醒，达摩就传授给他们一套十八手拳法，目的是锻炼他们的身心。据说这些动作融合了他在少林寺研究的防身术。

i suggest a soft form of kung fu, called tai qi. it comes from taoism and it’s very good for your health. through its training, you can get inner peace and a sense of physical and emotional well being. it’s often called chinese yoga: the art and science of meditation through movement.

我建议你学习一种温和的功夫，叫太极拳。它源于道教，对你的健康非常有好处。通过这种训练，你能达到内心的平和，以及身体和情绪上的安宁舒适。它经常被人们称作中国瑜伽：通过运动达到沉思冥想的一种艺术和科学。

chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. after a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. the writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of chinese characters.

afterwards, chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular earth. the five basic strokes of chinese characters are “---“ (the horizontal stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “／”( the left-falling stroke), “＼” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke).

汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“，源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。

yangko is one of tradition folk dance of han in china.it is usually performed in northern provinces. the dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. during some festivals such as spring festival, lantein festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the yangko. recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of china organized the team of yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing yangko the whole year.

秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。

acupuncture is an important part of traditional chinese medicine (tcm). in accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in tcm, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. it features in traditional chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”.

the main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. with its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. nowadays, acupuncture, along with chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as chinese martial arts), and traditional chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”

针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。

dragon totem worship in china has been around for the last 8,000 years. the ancients in china considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. the chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the chinese nation. to the chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.

对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。

a seal can also be defined as a stamp. both the chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. the seals used by the emperors of ancient china were called xi, yin, bao, etc. according to historical records, seals were widely used during the warring states period (475bc-221bc). the making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. covered with a vermilion overlay, the chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. it is gradually becoming one of china’s unique artworks.

印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

praised as “oriental opera”, beijing opera is a genuine national quintessence of china. it originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern china. at the end of the 19th century, beijing opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in china. beijing opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. beijing opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. the main types of roles in beijing opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).

京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。

⑴beijing opera of china is a national treasure with a history of 200 years.

⑵facial masks are an important way to portray a character.

⑶each role,according to their sex,age and disposition,is characterized by different designs of facial make-up(facial mask).

⑷in peking opera, femal roles are “dan”. male roles are “sheng”. and clowns are”chou”.

⑸present-day designers are also borrowing from the beijing opera for their work.

⑴京剧是中国的国粹，迄今已经有200多年的历史。

⑵脸谱是塑造人物形象的重要手段。

⑶每个角色都会按照他们的性格、年龄、个性，在脸上画不同的脸谱。

⑷在京剧中，女性的角色被称作“旦”，男性的角色被称作“生”，小丑被称作“丑”。

⑸当代服装设计师也从京剧服装中吸取灵感。

chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. an idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. most chinese idioms consist of four characters. for example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. idioms are a part of the chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.

中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

china is the home of silk. mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient chinese. as early as the shang and zhou dynasties (1600bc-256bc), the chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. during the western han dynasty (206bc-25ad), zhang qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central asia and connected china with the persian gulf and the mediterranean, opening up a new era of sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. from then on, china’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. hitherto, chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.

中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。

the chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient chinese architecture. it is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. the construction standard of a chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” when you go sightseeing in a chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” of the world’s three major garden systems, the chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.

中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。

the writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient china, and they are often referred to as the “four treasures of the study.” the writing brush and ink stick have been used by the chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. in the qin dynasty (221bc---206bc), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. during the han dynasty (206bc-220ad), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.

after paper was invented by the chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. the ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. after the song dynasty (960ad---1279ad), the “four treasure of the study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in huzhou, zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in huizhou, anhui province; xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in xuanzhou, anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in zhaoqing, guangdong province (zhaoqing was earlier called duanzhou). indeed, the four treasures of the study” have writtin the whole chinese civilization, as it is.

笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。 “文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。

十六. 天干地支（chinese era）

the chinese era is the symbol that the chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. the ten heavenly stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. the twelve earthly branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. after observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten heavenly stems and the order of the twelve earthly branches are properly matched in turn. in terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. the chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now.

天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。

⑴it’s interesting that chinese paintings can be created on the spot.

⑵the chinese do paintings with brushes, dipping their brushes in ink or paint and then skillfully wielding them.

⑶painters produce on the paper pictures with lines and dots——some heavy, and some light, and some deep, and some pale.

⑴真有意思：中国画是可以现场表演的。

⑵中国人绘画采用毛笔蘸墨汁或颜色，灵巧的挥洒在纸上。

⑶画家用深、浅、浓、淡的点和线构成一幅图画。

⑴usually a chinese medicine practitioner approaches the illness from a broader perspective, emphasizing its entirety and dialectical implications.

⑵a western doctor deals directly with symptoms. for instance, if someone has a sore throat, a western doctor will treat it as a throat problem, while a chinese doctor may link it to the disorder of the patient’s stomach.

⑶a chinese doctor examines his patient by using method like observing, smelling, asking and feeling. his western counterpart relies on symtoms or evidence like body temperature and lab tests.

⑷for people with terminal diseases, chinese medicine may be their last resort. chinese medicine can not only alleviate pain, but also offers the option of a different treatment.

⑴中医通常从宏观角度认识问题，强调整体性和辩证施治。

⑵西医则从微观入手。比如一个人咽喉痛，西医诊断为咽炎，中医则有可能判断为脾胃失衡的症状。

⑶中医通过望闻问切来诊病；西医注重症状，重证据。

⑷对于那些身患绝症的人来说，中医也许是他们最后的希望，它可以缓解病痛，为患者提供另一种治疗方案。

⑴over 2000 years ago, emperor qin shihuang , the first emperor in chinese history, established the official chinese writing characters.

⑵calligraphy also had its practical values because it was a good way to make friends and was more presentable as a gift rather than jewelry or money.

⑶many people practice calligraphy as a way to raise their culture accomplishment. older people use calligraphy writing as a method to keep fit.

⑷i had thought computers would lead to the disappearance of chinese calligraphy. now i understand that’s not likely to happen. how can you give your boss computer-printed calligraphy as a gift.

⑸the brush is the traditional chinese writing tool. its tip is made of soft hair from a sheep, weasel or rabbit.

⑴两千多年前，中国的第一个皇帝秦始皇统一了中国的文字。

⑵书法还有着实际的效用，比如结交朋友。比起珠宝或金钱，送人一幅书法作品就来得高雅、体面。

⑶很多人研习书法的目的是提升文化素养，老年人学习书法是为了保健强身。

⑷我一直认为电脑的出现会导致中国书法的衰落。现在看来，这不太可能。你怎么能拿着一幅从电脑中打印出来的书法作品送给上司呢？

⑸毛笔是中国的传统书写工具。笔尖由羊毛、黄鼬毛或兔毛制成。毛笔的毫毛既软又有弹性。

⑴kite-flying has been an old chinese pastime.

⑵records about the activity were mentioned as back 2,500 years ago.

⑶over the centuries, people have developed kites known for their beauty.

⑷people are able to make them look like swallows, geese, frogs, butterflies, peacocks, crabs and many other animals.

⑸now people will fly kites in early spring and autumn.

⑹it’s really a very beautiful scene with kites flying in the sky.

⑴放风筝是中国一项古老的娱乐活动。

⑵2500年前，就有放风筝的记载。

⑶几个世纪以来，风筝因为它的样式美观而众所周知。

⑷人们把它做成诸多动物的形状，比如燕子、鹅、青蛙、蝴蝶、孔雀、螃蟹等。

⑸现在人们在初春和初秋放风筝。

⑹天空中飞着风筝，真实非常漂亮的景观啊！

⑴table manners in china are quite different from those of westeners.

⑵in china,it’s okay to talk while eating.however,you may regard it as rude.

⑶you will considered a well-connected,sociable man, if you keep involved in the conversation all the time.

⑷don’t eat fast! people usually keep their dining pace accorded with others. and all the dishes should not be eaten up completely.

⑸it is a custom and good manners to serve tea to a guest who comes to pay a visit. there is no need to ask if he needs it or not.

⑹it wouldn’t be considered rude behavior if he doesn’t even take a single drop. but he’d better receive the teacup with both hands and bow his thanks when the cup is brought before his face. when the host pours hot water into his cup, he may also choose to tap his index finger on the table,meaning”thanks”. no matter if he likes it or not,it is impolite if he doesn’t even lay a finger on the cup.

⑴中国的餐桌礼仪和西方的差别还是很大的。

⑵中国人认为吃饭时可以说话，相反你们会觉得这很没礼貌。

⑶如果在饭桌上你积极参与谈话，别人会觉得你一定是个善于交际、人缘很好的人。

⑷不要吃得太快，人们往往要跟其他人吃饭的进度保持一致。各个盘子都应该留下一点别吃完。

⑸给上门拜访的客人上茶确实是风俗礼节，不需要问他要不要喝茶，或者要不要别的东西。

⑹茶端到他面前的时候，他最好双手接住茶杯，欠身致谢。主人给他倒茶时，他也可以在桌面上轻叩几下食指，表示“叩首谢谢”。不管他喜不喜欢，要是连碰都不碰一下茶杯，那就有失礼貌了。

⑴table manners are very strict during a chinese meal. respect has to be given to the elderly. each time a dish is served, everyone has to wait until the elder person starts or , “to cut the ribbon”.

⑵the food is brought to the table all the same time so everybody is on the same starting line. this lacks the warm atmosphere which prevails at a chinese dinner.

⑶this may be the reason why it is always noisy at a chinese dinner but quiet in a western restaurant.

⑷alcohol is a medium for communicating emotion in china. drinking with business partners or would-be friends is a way of solidifying friendship, especially in northern china.

⑸you will be set free at a western banquet.it seems we are keen to make it as convenient as possibleto savor the wine,its color,its aroma and its delicate taste.

⑹the most important thing is that the goblet,table-cloth,and plates should be made shiningly clean,so that the color of the wine is clearly visible and the delicate aroma and taste are fully appreciable.

⑺at the western table,remember to avoid talking so loundly,or talking with a mouthful food.

⑴中餐还有严格的餐桌礼仪。长辈要受到尊重。一盘菜上来，大家要先让长者举筷，这被称作“剪彩”。

⑵西餐中每个人点的菜都同时端上，大家在同一时间开始用餐，缺少了中国人相互礼让的过程，

⑶友好的气氛就差了许多。这也许就是中国人吃饭热热闹闹，西方人的餐桌相对安静的原因吧。

⑷在中国，喝酒时情感交流的介质。尤其是在北方，和业务伙伴或者“准朋友”喝酒可以增进感情。

⑸西式酒宴上，你可就自由了，我们乐意为品酒创造便利，品味就的颜色、气味和口感。

⑹所以有一点是很重要的，那就是酒杯、桌布和盘子都要擦得一尘不染，为的就是使就的颜色清楚可见，酒的口感和气味也能感受出来。

⑺在西餐桌上，记得不要大声说话，或边嚼边说话。

1. chewing with your mouth open.张开嘴咀嚼食物。

this is the opposite of chinese culture where they appreciate that you make noise while eating. westerners feel this is disgusting and shows a complete lake of manners. chew with your mouth shut!

中国人喜欢在咀嚼食物的时候发出声响，与中国文化相反，西方人认为这种行为极为讨厌，是缺乏礼貌的表现。嚼东西的时候要闭上嘴巴。

2. speaking with your mouth full.说话时满嘴食物。

this is considered quite rude when at the table. western children are taught from a very early age never to do this.

在餐桌上，这被认为是非常粗鲁的行为。西方人从小就受这方面的教导。

3. picking teeth / sucking teeth. 剔牙 / 吮牙。

it is considered rude to pick between your teeth where others can see you. western restaurants usually do not supply toothpicks so it is sometimes hard to decide when to remove food stuck between the teeth. it is usually best to excuse yourself and go into the bathroom.

当着他人的面剔牙是很不礼貌的。西餐厅通常不提供牙签，所以有时候很难决定什么时候该剔牙。当确实需要清理牙缝间的食物时，最好是上洗手间。

4. elbows on the table.手肘支在桌上。

while eating you should be sitting straight up. do not put your elbows on the table. putting your elbows on the table will make you look like a farmer.

用餐时应该身体坐直，手肘不要支在餐桌上。把手肘放在桌子上会让你看起来像个农民。

5. spitting food (bones, skin, etc.) out of your mouth. 直接从嘴里吐出食物（骨、皮等）。

this is not done in western restaurants. if you do need to take something out of your mouth, bring your napkin up to your mouth and place the item in it.

在西方的餐厅里你是见不到这一幕的。真要这样做的话，应该把纸巾拿到嘴边，吐在纸巾上。

6. picking up your plate or bowl. 捧起碗碟。

they think that only children do this. don’t lean over and slurp from the plate on the table either. food must be transported from the dish to your mouth with a fork or a spoon. if you’re nervous about using a knife and fork, buy a set and practice at home until you feel comfortable.

西方人觉得这是小孩子才会有的举动。也不要把嘴放在碗边直接吸取食物。要用勺子或叉子把食物放进嘴里。如果你不习惯用刀叉，那就买一套放在家里练习如何使用，直到运用自如。

7. speaking loudly. 大声讲话。

all westerners try to keep the conversation to their own table. if the whole restaurant can hear you, you are speaking too loudly and it will be considered rude. in fact, some westerners find it difficult to do business in chinese restaurants because the noise level is just too high.

用餐时，西方人只会与同桌的人交谈。如果整个餐厅都会听到你的“演讲”，那你的声音就太大了。实际上，一些西方人认为在中国的餐馆里谈生意是件很困难的事情，因为噪音太大了。

8. passing gas / belching / burping. 放屁 / 打嗝。

this is considered rude in any situation. if you do need to pass gas, excuse yourself and go to the bathroom. of course sometimes this is out of your control. if you accidentally pass gas loudly in front of others, you need to say, “excuse me” and quickly start talking about something to distract the people around you. do not discuss any details about your gas, or any bodily function at the table.

在任何场合下放屁或打嗝都是不雅的。如果确实需要的话，要上洗手间解决。当然也有失控的时候。如果不小心当众放了响屁，要说“对不起”，而且要很快转移话题。千万不要大谈特谈“人之气”，也不要再餐桌上谈论任何与身体器官有关的内容。

9. cleaning ears with fingernails. 用指甲挖耳孔。

this is not done in public. it shouldn't be done in private either! it’s dangerous. use a cotton swab!

千万不要再大庭广众下用指甲挖耳。在没人的地方也不要这样做！用指甲挖很危险，最好用棉签。

10.smoking. 吸烟。

while others are still eating or even when everyone has finished eating, it is polite to ask their permission if you can smoke at the table. in many western restaurants you will be asked if you prefer to be seated in the smoking or non-smoking section. if your host chooses the non-smoking section, you will have to excuse yourself from the table to smoke.

当其他人还没有吃完，或者就算所有人都用完餐，如果要抽烟的话，要礼貌地征得大家的许可。在很多西餐厅里，你会闻到是愿意在吸烟区还是非吸烟区就差那。如果主人选择了非吸烟区，那你想抽烟时要征得同桌人的同意到外面去抽。

⑴chinese people seem to like the red and yellow clors a lot. the two colors are used for the chinese national flag.

⑵maybe because the hans originated in the yellow river plateau, a region where yellow was the prevailing color.

⑶yellow was also the color representing the imperial court in traditional china. during the sui dynasty, yellow was officially designated as the exlusive color for the imperial family.

⑷in olden times, a person could be beheaded for the misuse of yellow.

⑸red represents happiness. for example, the word“double happiness”used for wedding is red. the bride wears red clothes, which is different from the white gowns of the west.

⑹during chinese spring festival, people will give hong bao, or red envelopes with money inside to the children as well wishes. couplets hanging on both sides of the doors are written in red.

⑴中国人似乎很喜欢红黄两色。中国的国旗就是由这两种颜色组成。

⑵这也许是因为汉民族的发源地是黄土高原，这个地域满目黄土之色。

⑶在中国古代，黄色是皇权的象征。从隋朝起，黄色成为皇家专用的颜色。

⑷古时，用错了黄色会杀头。

⑸红是喜庆的象征。比如结婚时的双喜字是红色的，新娘要穿红色的嫁衣，这与西方穿白色婚纱不同。

⑹春节时，送晚辈压岁钱要用红纸包了，称“红包”，以示吉祥。对联也是用红纸书写，贴在大门的两侧。

⑴believe it or not, tea is the most popular beverage in the world afer water.

⑵china is the homeland of tea.

⑶did you know that tea, the most popular drink in the world , was invented by accident.

⑷some leaves from a nearby bush fell into the boiling water and remained there before some time.

⑸the emperor shen nung noticed that leaves in the water produced a pleasant smell.

⑹the tea bag was not made with drinking in mind.

⑺a tea importer was sending out samples of tea that were packaged in silk bags. not knowing any better, his customers put the entire bags into the pot and added hot water. it turned out that the tea tasted fine,and the customers liked how easy the bags were to clean up.

⑴你知道吗？除了水，世界上最受欢迎的饮料就是茶了。

⑵茶起源于中国。

⑶你知道吗？世界上最流行的饮料——茶，是在偶然的机会里被发明出来的。

⑷当时附近树上落下几片叶子，飘到开水里，在水里煮了一会儿。

⑸神农帝发现开水中的叶子产生一种香香的味道。

⑹茶包本来不是用来喝茶的。

⑺曾有一位茶叶进口商送了一些用丝质袋子包装的茶叶样品给顾客。他的顾客不知情，将整个袋子放在茶壶里泡热水。结果发现茶的为傲不错，而且用袋子就比较清理，顾客很喜欢这点。

⑴the chinese people, in their drinking of tea, place much significance on the act of “savoring”.

⑵in classical novels, if someone drinks tea out of a big cup to quench his thirst, the word used to illustrate this action is “drink”, like a cow drinking water.

scholars would use fine cups to drink tea and the word to use is “savour”.

⑶in the old days, people used iron kettles to boil water. tea was placed in a paper bag. porcelain cups were used for drinking.

⑷the water came from melted snow which was collected from plum blossom trees the previous winter and stored underground in a jar. no one collects snow any more because of pollution so people use bottled water instead.

⑸tea has categories:red tea, green tea, wulong tea and pu’er tea. the first three types of tea are processed using similar methods but pu’er tea uses a totally different method. it contains a kind of fungus which is believed to be healthy. the fungus will ferment on its own after the tea is processed. that’s why expensive pu’er tea is always quite old.

⑴中国人饮茶，注重一个“品”字。

⑵在古典小说中，某人用大杯喝茶解渴被称为“饮”，指此人像牛般饮水；而雅士用精致的茶具喝茶被称为“品”。

⑶古人用铁壶烧水，用纸袋装茶，用瓷杯饮茶。

⑷泡茶的水是前一年冬天从梅花树上收集起来的，装在瓷坛中埋入地下的雪水。因为污染，没有人再收集雪水泡茶，取而代之的是瓶装矿泉水。

⑸茶大概分为这样几种：红茶、绿茶、乌龙茶和普洱茶。前三种茶的制作方法是一样的，普洱茶的制作方法则不同。普洱茶本身含有一种有益的霉菌，在制成后会随着时间而自然发酵。这也是普洱茶年头越长越值钱的原因。

⑴in cantonese, the number “8” has a similar pronounciation to,the word “prosper.”

⑵guangdong is one of the first provinces to benefit from china’s open policy. there is a lot of temptation to become wealthy , so “8”is a lucky number for people in guangdong.

⑶“6”is often associated with smoothness. many people like to choose a date for their weddings which includes the number “6”.

⑷in contrast, “4”is the least favorable, because it sounds very similar to the word, “death”. many building s do not, even, use the number for their elevator programming.

⑸now, as a result of western influence, more chinese people started to dislike the number “13”.

⑴广东话里“8”与“发”同音，有发财的意思。

⑵广东是中国最先受益于改革开放政策的省份之一，金钱的诱惑力很大，人人豆做着发财的梦，因此“8”成为人们偏爱的数字。

⑶“6”有顺利之意，许多人爱选带“6”的日子作为结婚日子。

⑷相比之下，“4”与“死”同音，是最不讨人喜欢的数字。不少建筑物甚至没有“4”层。

⑸现在，受西方文化的影响，许多中国人开始讨厌数字“13”了。

⑴there are eight major culinary styles in china. color combinations reflect the local features of each style.

⑵take guangdong food for example. because it is hot and humid there, people are mindful of the heat on their internal organs. therefore guangdong food is mild in both taste and color combinations. you don’t find a lot of hot and spicy food in guangdong dishes because warm color in the hot summer can be repulsive to people’s appetite.

⑶sichuan food is just the opposite. sichuan is also very humid but,unlike guangdong, sichuan people choose to use extremely hot peppers to open their stomach.

⑴中国有八大菜系，在色相上体现出地域的特点。

⑵比如粤菜，出自广东，哪里气候炎热而潮湿，人们特别在意五脏燥热，所以广东菜色泽和味道均以清淡为主，辛辣的食物在粤菜中不多见。因为炎热的天气，暖色调的食物会让人没有食欲。

⑶川菜就不同，四川气候也湿热，但与广东不同，四川人选择用极辣的辣椒来对付食欲低下。

大五人格心得体会篇3

疫情期间学校组织教师在线观看了刘良华教授的《教师职业道德与人格魅力》视频之后，作为一名美术教师，我颇有感触——教师的职责是教书育人，教师是知识的传授者，更是引导学生如何做人的引路人。教师要时刻想着学生，一切为了学生。我们的一节课才40分钟，对学生来说是极其宝贵的，所以我授课的原则是“向40分钟要效果”，尽力使课堂学习效果最大化。当然，这就需要在课前认真备课，特别是对于专业课程，还要在课外多与学生交流，了解学生对背景知识的掌握情况。然后对没有学过的和掌握差的学生进行课外辅导补课，使他们能尽快赶上学习，绝不能不分情况地一味灌输，工夫到了，教学效果自然就有了。

师德的表现是多方面的，教师经常与学生在一起，教师对工作的态度，对学生的态度、对社会的看法，甚至其举止等等，其一言一行都会对学生产生影响。所以，我们要时刻规范自己的行为举止，为人表率。如上课时要衣冠整洁，精神饱满，不可将个人丝毫的不良情绪表现在课堂上。更不可在课堂上发牢骚，抱怨学校或贬损其他老师。否则，不仅会对学生产生不良影响，同时也会影响自己在学生心目中的形象。所以，教师的责任绝不是仅仅是讲几节课。

新时代的教师，更需要本身具有更高深、更全面可以说，教师是除家长外，对学生的成长影响最大的人。一个教师只有有良好的师德，才能认真对待教学工作，才能取得良好的教学效果，才能得到学生的认可。

大五人格心得体会篇4

最近，读了《中国著名特级教师课堂魅力经典研究》让我收获许多。通过阅读这本书，我可以向这些优秀教师学习，在教学中汲取他们的经验，在课堂中根据教学内容和学生情况灵活运用各种引导艺术，让学生感兴趣，像磁石一样牢牢抓住他们，力求学生爱上课堂，爱上学习。赏识是一种尊重，运用赏识教育就要学会尊重孩子。在生物课堂中，如果老师仅仅做到信任学生，却不注意尊重学生，单有居高临下的信任是苍白无力的，是不被学生认可的，一定要懂得教育的艺术。

如何打造我们理想的高效课堂？我认为重在把握以下几点：

一、与教材对话，作教材的知音。

包括对教材有自己的深刻理解；抓住重点，精心设计问题；找准教学的切入口。还是一句老话：教学内容永远比教学的方式、方法重要。所以首先钻研教材，我换了个词“对话”，与教材对话、与作者对话，与编者对话，做他们的知音。对教材的理解我觉得有两重境界：一是准确把握教材的重点与难点，把握作者与编者的意图。我们教师要树立课程意识，要注重把教材转化成自己的教学资源，对教材有了自己独到的理解与感悟，才能高屋建瓴，对教学内容提得起、放得开，在教学上收放自如，得心应手地去教。

教师要高效地完成课堂教学任务，还必须注重对课堂提问启发性的研究，切实达到“有效”的标准。我们教师在提问时应注重内容和方式两方面：从内容上衡量，提问应选准切入点。例如教师应在教学重点处设问，以加深学生印象，提高学习质量；应在教学难点处设问，以启发性的问题帮助学生解决疑难，提高学习效率；应在教学生长点处设问，引导学生拓展思维，提高学习能力。从方式上衡量，提问应注意艺术性。例如教师应掌握利用问题创设情境的技巧，以吸引学生的注意力，激发他们的求知欲、探究热情。所提问题应有梯度，以符合学生认知规律，引导学生循序渐进学习；应照顾到各个层面的学生，尽量使每个学生都有回答问题的机会，从而促进每个个体的发展。

二、教学设计立足于学生，着眼于学生，凸显学习主体。

学生是学习的主体，是我们教师永远研究不尽的课题。著名的教育家苏霍姆林斯基曾说过：“如果教师不想方设法使学生进入情绪高昂和智力振奋的内心状态，就急于传授知识，那么，这种知识只能使人产生冷漠的态度，而不动感情的脑力劳动就会带来疲倦”。新课改中我们提倡让教学活动化，改变严肃呆板的面孔，让知识披上活泼的外衣，让我们带领孩子充满惊喜地穿越知识的丛林，让他们在其中做一个快乐的发现者、探究者！

三、教学过程贴着学生走。精彩的学习过程是高效课堂教学的核心。

高效课堂不仅关注教师讲得多么精彩，更加关注学生学得多么高效主动。“教学过程贴着学生走”，这句话是山东语文教学名师，济宁的朱则光老师说的一句话。其“贴”字用得好，课堂教学既要精心预设，更注重生成。在高效课堂的研究与实践中有这样一个提法——“高效的课堂要变“带着知识走向学生”为“带着学生走向知识”。如果是“带着知识走向学生”我们只需把知识研究透了即可；如果是“带着学生走向知识”，学生似生龙活虎难以驾驭，这给精心预设的课堂带来无限变数，增加了课堂教学的难度。但高效课堂的精彩之处就在于此，只有精心预设，没有随机生成的课堂犹如一朵假花，也许更顺畅，但丝毫没有生气，只是一场华丽的表演。

我们课前精心设计，真到课堂上要敢于抛开课前的预设，大胆放手，让学生自己去、体验去质疑、探究。平时我们常会碰到课上因一个学生的一个问题打乱了我们课前的构想、教学思路。我本来想讲那一问题，学生偏引出这一问题。但这难说不是一次难得的教学契机，如果学生的观点离题万里，可以三言两语把它引回来；如果学生的问题与课堂教学目标联系紧密，又很有价值，适当延长时间，也未尝不可。为什么非得为完成自己的设计而教学？为什么非要把学生强行拽回来？课堂教学不能按自己的预设牵着学生走，赶着学生走，而应贴着学生走。“课堂无法复制”、“精彩无法预约”就是这个原因，也正因如此，我们的教学才不会重复，才常教常新。打个比喻：课堂教学如峡谷行船，千折百回，也因如此才是最真实、最高效的。

四、留给学生独立思考、自主学习的时间

我认为课堂高效的本质是学生思维训练的高效。高效课堂中学生的学习过程有三个基本持征：自主性、探究性、合作性，其中自主性是基础，让学生敢于质疑、善于质疑，敢于从不同角度，用不同的方法分析问题和解决问题，使学生的思维能力和创造能力得到激发和提高。针对问题，留给学生独立思考、体验，自主探究的时间，就如同戏曲艺术中的“留白”，有“此时无声胜有声”的效果。这是一般课堂往往忽视，但是又非常重要的，是实现自主学习最关键的一步。在课堂教学中，无论是组内合作探究，还是组间交流共享，无论是迁移运用，还是自我总结反思，都必须遵循学生自主学习、自主建构的原则。不注重学生自主思考的课堂往往流于浮华！只有充分调动学生人人参与，自主思维，在此基础上形成自主高效的课堂。另外，大量的教学实践表明，适时的总结、反思、沉淀是高效课堂教学必不可少的环节。一堂课注重学生独立思考、动静结合，注重学生思维训练才是高效的。

五、充分发挥小组优势，全面提高效率

有调查发现：影响学生课堂学习效率、造成“差生”的主要原因之一是“走神儿”。在小组学习时，学生人人参与，自主学习，交流辩论，积极动手动脑，成为学习的主人。由于学生时刻参与到学习之中，大大减少了课堂上走神儿现象的发生。影响学生课堂学习效率、造成“差生”的主要原因之二是“问题累积”。在平时的课堂上，一个老师面对几十个学生，时间和机会有限，很多学生，尤其是“差生”和“内向”学生，没有机会发表见解，没有机会向老师提出疑惑。于是，学生存在的疑惑和思维障碍越积越多，久而久之，出现两极分化在所难免。在有效的小组合作学习中，一个老师一下变成几十个“老师”，而学生的疑惑，便在“老师”、“学生”之间及时地交流、反馈、矫正，得到了及时有效的解决。同时，学生也锻炼了思辨的能力，获得了知识，培养了合作与交流的习惯。学生在每节课都能学得会、学得懂，不留问题，大大减少了分化。小组成员之间互勉，互助，互爱，教学相长，合作共赢。这样，课堂效率很高，从而能大面积地提高教学质量。

总而言之，课堂教学是师生的双边活动，课堂教学过程不只是单向的知识传授的过程，也是师生情感交流、思维对话的过程。在课堂内追求学生学习的高效，在有限的时间内，让学生获得更多的发展，这是我们不懈的追求！在追求高效课堂的道路上让我们真诚合作，共同去探索。

书能让愚人变智者，落后变先进，平凡成伟大。读书的人生是美好的，美好的人生要读书。我将会不断地学习，不断地反思，不断地转变。在今后的教学实践中，我应该通过向这些优秀教师学习，不断在教学过程中汲取他们的经验，找出自己的不足，使我的学生爱上课堂，爱上学习。我深知，得法于书中，最重要的还是要用法于教学中，并且不拘泥于法，才是真正的学会贯通。

大五人格心得体会篇5

追求卓越是老师专业成长的最高境界，教育永无止境，教师的成长更是永无止境。每一份工作都有压力，特别是我们的教育事业，有教学工作的压力，有学生安全的压力等。但无论如何，有任务就有压力，我们要正确看待任务，欢心接受任务。对待任务态度正确，即使没有成功的经验，也有失败的教训，成功和失败都是一笔很大的财富。

此次华东师范大学的卓越教师培训，涵盖了教师的情绪与管理应对、高端教师职业生涯规划与专业发展、教师语言的艺术、学科教学中的深度思维培养、课堂观察与评价、教师如何进行教学资源的评价、指尖上的高效教学与创新课堂等，还观摩了上海浦东模范中学的特色学校课堂，此次学习让我受益匪浅。

对于一名教师，尤其是一名不懈追求的教师而言，要想独具魅力、走向卓越，我认为，也要经历以下方面的修炼与锻造。

一、丰富自己的教学经验。

作为教师，传道授业方为根本。著名特级教师于漪曾说：“一堂好课，是用‘心’上出来的”。亲其师信其道，要让学生因你的魅力而喜欢你的课堂，因你的课堂而爱上你的风采。这就需要教师静心阅读文本、潜心钻研教材、精心设计课堂，创设学生喜闻乐见的教学情境，让学生亲身经历知识的形成过程，充分调动他们学习的积极性与主动性。在平时，我们要虚心学习，借助专家的引领、同伴的互助、自身的勤奋，打造自己独特的魅力课堂。欣赏名师课堂、研究教学艺术、反思自身素质，是我一直坚持不懈的奋斗历程。唯有情感撞击、方有心灵对话，才能把学生紧紧吸引在自己周围，用自身的魅力感染学生，抚育心灵。

二、要有浓厚的文化底蕴。

“教师要给学生一碗水，自己须有一桶源源不断的活水。”活水的源头，则是教师深厚的文化底蕴。而读书，则是提高教师素养的最重要的途径，也是教师专业成长的生命状态。因为读书，让我们开阔视野、增长才气、激活灵气。我们只有不停地读书，才能拥有源头活水滋润学生求知若渴的心田；只有不停地读书，才能打下深厚的精神底蕴，引领学生丰富的精神境界。读读经典名著，聆听古今中外教育大师不朽的声音；看看学术前沿，了解教育同行对前沿问题的思考与探索；翻翻文学作品，徜徉于人类精神文明的长廊，在叩问心灵的同时，沐浴智慧、充实自我。

三、要善于反思

众多功成名就，或者正在成长中的优秀教师，总是以极大的热情和严谨的实践不断追求着教育工作的完美。他们的身上，都闪烁着自我挑战精神所催生出的各种优秀品质的光芒。其中重要的一条就是——善于反思。当一个教师缺乏反思时，他的行动往往是盲目的；只有不断检验、鉴别和完善自己的思想时，教师的行动才走向了自觉。正是“为实践而反思，对实践的反思，在反思中实践”的专业自觉，让教师在行为上表现为从被动接受走向主动发展，从自在的人走向自为的人，从而提高工作成绩。

四、有强烈的科研意识。

“教而不研则浅，研而不教则浮。”作为教师，不仅仅满足做一名教书匠，要把教学实践与科学研究相结合，让实践助力理论的提升，让理论检验实践的正确。目前，科研已经成为一种自觉自愿的教育精神，是教师成长发展的“同义词”。我们工作的每一个细节都可以作为课题，都值得研究。把教育教学不能看成是简单的完成任务的过程，而是探索教育规律的研究过程，则我们的工作就显得平凡而伟大，大有文章可做。不仅如此，我们还应当养成记录自己平时思想火花的习惯，与习作牵手，与思考为伴，一次联想、一回顿悟、一缕思绪、一个念头，都是我们记录的好材料，以随笔的形式整理与提升，大胆提炼自己的“一家之言”，成就自身发展。

五、能走进学生的心灵

尊重学生的人格与尊严，尊重学生的爱好与选择，尊重学生的思想与观念。没有尊重，一切教育都会变成无源之水、无本之木。尊重学生的个性。个性就意味着创造性，越是尊重学生的个性，学生在未来就越有创造性。换位思考，理解学生。理解是走进学生心灵的桥梁。在尊重和信任的基础上，用学生的眼睛观察世界，用学生的心灵体会世界，用学生所处的位置判断世界。这样才能真正理解学生，走进学生的心灵。

培训是短暂的，但收获是充实的。让我站在了一个崭新的平台上审视了我的教学，使我对今后的工作有了明确的方向。这一次研修学习活动后，我要把所学的教学理念，咀嚼、消化，内化为自己的教学思想，指导自己的教学实践。要不断搜集教育信息，学习教育理论，增长专业知识。

以上就是差异网为大家整理的7篇《教师人格魅力心得体会》，希望对您有一些参考价值，更多范文样本、模板格式尽在差异网。

大五人格心得体会篇6

随着物质文化水平的提高，人们的质量意识和安全意识不断增强。护理质量直接关系到病人的生命与健康，关系到我们医院在社会公众中的形象。因此，加强护理质量管理，不断提高护理服务质量，使病人满意是护理质量监控的主要任务，是医院工作的主要目标，也是护理质量监控人员所讨论的重要课题。为了达到这一目标重要手段就是采取有效的护理质量监控措施。为了适应新的护理工作发展模式的需要，我院护理部已经实行了由护理部、病区护士长、病区质控员及护士组成的护理质量控制路径，从而保证了护理安全，提高护理质量。我们应该从增强质量监控的意识、完善质量监控的体系、加强质量监控的环节、做好质量监控的反馈等方面着手做好质量监控。

护理工作的对象是人，质量控制的目标是零缺陷，护理质量监控的重点强化预先控制行为。当然，由于护理工作琐碎、复杂，受许多客观因素的影响，所以还要加强同期控制，并定期进行反馈控制。同时在护理质量控制的中，要发挥护士自我控制的能动性。标准和规章制度再好，护士的能动性不发挥，一切工作就难以落实。目前强调以人为本，就是要发挥人的主观能动性，让每一位护理人员都参与质量控制自觉地依照标准和制度，自己按既定的目标努力工作，对自身行为进行约束和控制。

一、增强质量控制意识，将质量监控落实到每一个人

医疗护理质量的高低直接影响医院的整体发展。针对这种情况，我们应该不断健全护理质量监控体系，实行全员参与质量监控，强化质量的内涵，真正的把质量控制落实到实处;我们应该采取多种渠道强化质量监控的意识，反复强化护理质量控制的重要性及必要性对全体护理人员进行广泛教育，弘扬以病人为中心，对病人高度负责，对技术精益求精的无私奉献精神，增强护理人员事业心和责任感，同时将质量控制结果落实到科室、个人，将护士各个岗位质量同科室目标管理、经济利益挂钩。

二、完善质量控制体系

完善医院护理质量控制机构。制定质控机构的工作任务，应该充分发挥科室质控小组的作用，激励护士全员参与质控制的积极性，使每个质控成员了解质控内容的细则，掌握质控标准，做好质控分析，找出存在的不足，使护理工作从被动管理转变到主动全员参与管理。护理质量控制的最终目标是满足患者的需求，提高医院护理服务水平，通过科室质控小组质量控制，针对性地提高护士的基本素质，及时发现工作的薄弱环节，使护士了解自己有待解决的问题，并且决心去改进，用积极的态度参与考核，改变过去在质量控制中的应付、突击、补救行为，将考核标准和内容作为规范，把为患者提供优质服务的基本要求贯穿于临床护理实践的全过程，做到人人参与质量控制，使护理质量控制结果达到真正让患者满意的效果。

三、加强环节质量控制

除了护理部组织护士长对科室进行不定时的护理质量检查，发现问题及时指出;同时，发挥好各科室质量控制小组的作用，随时对科室护理工作进行质控，发现问题及时反馈，提出整改措施，，对自己科室护士的工作质量先进行自查、自考、自评，做到心中有数，不合格者限期整改，不断改进护理工作质量，这样使护理质量控制工作采取定期与不定期相结合，使护理质量始终处于受控状态。

四、做好质量控制反馈

科室定期开展病人对护理工作满意度调查护理部也可以不定期到各科室发放调查问卷表，以病人的需求、病人的评价、病人的期望来测评护理工作的服务态度和服务质量，对调查结果进行分析整理，并将结果反馈给科室及本人，科室对存在的问题及时进行总结讨论，分析前因后果，采取有效的对策。

通过上述的质量管理控制方法，树立“质量第一”的观念，落实好前馈控制、同期控制和反馈控制的各项措施，使护士的服务意识明显提高。变原来的“要我增强服务质量意识”转变为“我要增强服务质量意识”。护理质量控制是医院护理管理的永恒主题，患者满意度才是衡量护理质量的重要指标，应把护理质量控制定位在是否满足患者的健康需要上，在质量控制中注重持续质量改进，注重评价护理过程和成效，使患者真正从护理质量控制中受益，真正享受舒适、安全满意的护理服务。

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